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Classes of Antibiotics and their Spectrum of Activity

Classes of Antibiotics and their Spectrum of Activity

Nabin Bista by Nabin Bista
March 2, 2021
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Classes of Antibiotics and their Spectrum of Activity

19th century. In 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the antibacterial properties of penicillin by destroying the staphylococcus in culture plate; this is broadly cited in modern antibiotic era. Chain and Florey followed up this observation in 1939 and later penicillin was clinically used during 1941. In 1942, Waksman proposed the search of actinomycetes and discovered streptomycin in 1944. Later, the advance in medicinal chemistry produced synthetic and semisynthetic agents.

The ability of drug with all ranges (gram positive and gram negative) of antibiotic action, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, to antagonize numerous pathogens have resulted mention as broad-spectrum antibiotics. Many of the broad-spectrum antibiotics are active only at high concentration. Some drugs are primarily static and they may exert cidal action at high concentration (e.g. sulphonamides, erythromycin, nitrofu- rantoin, etc). The bacteriostatic agents are those that interfere with the growth or replication of microorganisms, but does not kill it. The bactericidal drugs are those that kills the microorganisms. Concentration of drugs at the site of infection is an important factor for the therapeutic effect in case of antimicrobials. The classes of antibiotics and their spectrum of activity is detailed in below

Classes of antibiotics and their Spectrum of Activity

Class of Antibiotics                          Name of the DrugsSusceptible Organism
Natural penicillinsPenicillin G and VGram positive bacteria streptococci except viridians. Gram positive Bacilli, i.e. B. anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and all Clostridia
Semisynthetic penicillinsOxacillinPenicillinase-resistant

 

AmpicillinBroad spectrum. It is active against all organisms, which are sensitive to penicillin G and many gram-negative organisms, i.e. Haemophilus infl uenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Solmonella, and Shigella
AmoxycillinBroad spectrum antibacterial action with penicillinase inhibitor. It is less active against Shigella and H. infl uenzae
AztreonamPseudomonas and gram-negative organism

 

CephalosporinsCefazolinIt is active against all organisms and sensitive to penicillin, i.e. Streptococci, Gonococci, Meningococci, C. diphtheriae, H. infl uenzae, Clostridia, and Actinomycetes. Highly active against Klebsiella and E. coli
CephalothinSimilar in spectrum to Cefazolin, but less active against penicillinase producing Staphylococci and H. infl uenzae. Parentral administration produces broad spectrum action
CefotaximePotent action against aerobic gram negative and some gram positive, not active against anaerobes; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Glycopeptide

antibiotics

BacitracinGram-positive organisms of both cocci and Bacilli
VancomycinGram-positive bacteria. It is useful in case of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, and Enterococcus
PolymyxinGram negative, including Pseudomonas species
Antimycobacterial

antibiotics

Isonoazid, EthambutolMycobacterium species
Inhibitors of protein

synthesis

ChloramphenicolBroad spectrum
AminoglycosidesStreptomycinBroad spectrum, including Mycobacterium species. Primarily active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli.
NeomycinBroad spectrum activity

 

GentamycinBroad spectrum, including Pseudomonas species. Ineffective against Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogens, and Pneumoniae
TetracyclinesTetracycline,

oxytetracycline,

doxycycline, minocycline,

and clortetracyclin

All types of pathogens except virus and fungi. Broad spectrum including chlamydia, spirochetes, and rickettsia. Mycoplasma and Actinomyces are moderately sensitive.
MacrolidesErythromycinGram-positive bacteria, highly active against Str. pyogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae, and Listera
ClarithromycinSimilar to erythromycin, in addition M. avium complex. More active against gram-positive cocci, Moraxella, Legionella, Mycoplasma pneumonea, and H. pylori
AzithromycinLess effective in gram-positive cocci. Highly active against respiratory pathogens, i.e. Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Moraxella, Pneumoniae, and  Legionella
StreptograminsQuinupristin & dalfopristinVancomycin resistant, methicillin resistant gram-positive bacteria
OxazolidindioneLinezolidIt is active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cidal to Streptococci, Pnemococci, and Bacteriodes Fragilis
Quinolones &  fluoroquinolonesNalidixic acid, gatifloxacin, pefloxacin,  norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, etcMost susceptible are gram negative bacilli. At high concentration gram positive bacteria highly susceptible bacteria are E. coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Enterobacter, Solmonella typhi, Shigella proteus, Camphylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas auruginosa, Brucella, Listeria, and B. anthracis are little Susceptible
SulphonamidesCotrimoxazole and

other sulpha drugs

Broad spectrum. Primarily bacteriostatic

 

Nucleoside and nonneucleoside analoguesAcyclovir, Ganciclovir, ribavirin, lamivudineHerpes virus
CidofovirCytomegalo virus
Tricyclic aminesAmantidine, RimantidineInflunzea virus
8-Hydroxy quinolonesQuinidochlorMalarial parasites

 

NitrimidazolesMetronidazole and tinidazoleBroad spectrum action against protozoa, trichomoniasis, and Giardiasis infections
BenzimidazoleAlbendazole, mebendazoleEnterobias, Trichuris infestations
PolyenesAmphotericin BSystemic fungal infection, active against wide range of yeasts and fungi, i.e. Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus, sporothrix, and Torulopsis
Azole derivativesKetaconazole, clotrimaxazole, miconazoleSystemic fungal infection, Topical infection. Imidazole and triazole has broad spectrum antifungal action covering dermatophytes, Candida, nocardia, some gram positive and anerobic bacteria, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus fragilis, and leishmania
AllylaminesTerbinafi ne, NaftidineResistant organisms for azoles

 

Heterocyclic benzofuranGriseofulvinMost dermatophytes of skin fungal infection but not against Candida

 


  • Classification of Drugs in Nepal 
  • Timeline of Antibiotics
  • How to Learn Drug’s Name and Classification

 

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